A time line of significant importance
Date |
Event |
| 1070 BCE | The Kush kingdom began to thrive (about 3000 years ago). |
| 1500 BCE | The Egyptian conquered Kushites Kingdom |
| 1000 BCE | A second Kushites’ kingdom arose. The town of Napata was its major city. This Kushite kingdom grew strong enough to conquer Egypt, and it lasted nearly twelve centuries. The Kushites of Napata built pyramids, the ruins of which still stand today.(Note:Ancient Saho speaking people are descendants of ancient Kushites). |
| 760 BCE | The start of the twenty-fifth dynasty of Kushites, known as the Kushite Empire with capital city Napata. |
| 700 BCE | The Kushites kings ruled Egypt |
| 671 BCE | The Assyrians invaded Egypt, and with their iron tools, drove the Kush out of Egypt |
| 593 BCE | The Kushites established a new capital at Meroe, which soon became the center of Kushite culture and a vital trade location. The great Kushite city, Meroë was famous for making and selling iron weapons. Kushitesin Meroë developed a language of their own. They wrote inscriptions on temples. |
| 356 BCE | Adulis (or Adola, in ancient geography) was built . Adola was the main port in the Red Sea, and was a place of considerable trade, in gold, lead, ivory …etc. |
| 350 BCE | The golden age of Kush ended. In 350 AD, Axum occupied Meroe, and brought about the total collapse of Kush as a civilization. When Kush collapsed, several provinces/states of Kush, immediately emerged as discrete empires. The Nubian Federation was one, but there were several others. |
| 300 BCE | Axum attained its greatest power from the fourth to the sixth centuries. There are still remains of some temples and towns, which may still be seen dispersed along the route between Axum and Zula, |
| 50 CE | Axum rules what is now known as Eritrea |
| 300 CE | Axum conquers southern Arabia |
| 320 CE | The Syrian monk Frumentius converts King of Axum, Ezana to Christianity. |
| 330 CE | The harbour Adulis on the Red Sea became important during the fourth century because of contact with Egypt, Cush, Arabia, Persia, India and Malacca. The shift in the centre of the Roman Empire in 330 AD strengthened the trade relations between Adulisand Byzantium and probably contributed towards the conversion to Christianity of the king of Axum. |
| 520 CE | Cosmas Indicopleustes, a Byzantine Greek, who traded with India in the early part of the sixth century of our era, called at the port of Adulis (near Masawa) in 520 ADHe discovered at this place a monument which contained two separate inscriptions. The monument was apparently one erected at the orders of Ptolemy III. (Philadelphus), who reigned in Egypt from 285 to 247 BCE. |
| 525 CE | Far more detailed story is told by Cosmas Indicopleustes in his Christian Topography;4 when he visited the kingdom of Aksum about the year AD 525, he found Adulis a flourishing port and in close commercial relations with Arabia and beyond. |
| 547 CE | Abyssinian general Abreha proclaims himself king of southern Arabia, tries to capture Macca but his army was defeated by plague. |
| 615 CE | The first migration of Muslims, known as the first Hijarat to Alhabasha (Abyssinia ) happened when Al-Sahaba (Companions’ of the Prophet )arrived in the shores of the Red Sea in what is known now as Massawa and surrounding areas .The inhabitants of this region had accepted Islam prior to its establishment in important centres in the Islamic heartlands such as Mecca, Damascus, Baghdad or Cairo.
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| 640 CE | Adulis fell to ruin sometime in the 7th century. While the date of the city’s demise is not known, its decline may have gegun in AD 640and died sometime thereafter as the trade that was its lifeblood vanished. |
| 710 CE | After the fall of the Axumite kingdom a number of Beja kingdoms started appearing in the country and the Baqlin, Basin and Jarin kingdoms were some of the well-organized kingdoms. The Kingdom of Jarin: – extended from the port Massawa to the Barka river in the west and to Zayla (present day Somali) in the South. |
| 982 | Menelik I, becomes Ethiopia’s first emperor |
| 1000 | Queen Yodit defeats the last Axumite king Del Na’od |
| 1137 | The Zagwe Dynasty is founded in Ethiopia and the capital is moved from Axum to Lalibela |
| 1270 | Yekuno Amlak ends the Zagwe dynasty and founds the Solomonic dynasty in Ethiopia. |
| 1300 AD | The end of the Byzantine empire occurred. when Mongols invaded in the 13th century (the 1300 AD: The rise of the Ottoman (Muslim) Turks to power in the 14th century (the 1300s), who replaced the Byzantium empire with their own. The Ottoman empire then lasted over 600 years, from 1299 to 1923,[3]when it was divided by the victors in World War I. At the height of its power in the 16th and 17th centuries, the Ottoman empire included Anatolia, the Middle East, portions of North Africa, and much of southeastern Europe. |
| 1523 | Sayyid Hummad (The son of Amir Qunnu ) founded a dynasty in Hirgigo with the help of Sheikh Mahmud. Both Naib Musa and Beit Sheikh Mahmud belong to Saho Speaking families in Hirgigo (in Saho Dakano). Oral traditions attribute the foundation of Hirgigo to the Saho Speaking group of Idda. Hirgigo at that time had replaced the ancient port of Adulis and later Zula. |
| 1533 | Imam Ahmed Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmed Grañ “the left-handed”, 29 years old at the time) marched into Tigray, leading a combined army of Saho, Afar and Somali and other Muslim groups. He captured Aksum utterly destroying Ethiopian states. |
| 1541 | With the assistance of Portuguese, Al Ghazi defeated causing the Saho and Afar to withdraw to their territories. |
| 1557 – | Because of its strategic importance, Massawa has attracted many foreigners who wanted to use or control the port. On 10 February 1541, 400 Portuguese soldiers, under the command of Christovãro da Gama (son of Vasco), arrived in Massawa to help repulse Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al Ghazi and his followers. |
| 1557 – | Ozdemir Pasha Turks captured Massawa and port of Hirgigo and made them one of the Sanjaks of the Ottoman Province of Habesh which had been established two years earlier with its centre Sawakin(Easter Sudan. The port remained under Turkish control for more than 200 years. |
| 1557 | The Ottoman authorities devolved power to a locally potent family and appointed Sayyid Hummad as their ‘naib’, or deputy. Naib Hummad became the first Naib (appointed by Ottoman authorities )that would carry the title of Naib up to the twentieth of century. |
| 1632: | Fasiladas founds the modern empire of Ethiopia with capital in Gondar |
| 1693: | A dispute occurred with the ruler of Massawa, Naib Musa ( the son of Umar Qunnu and the Grandson of Naib Hummad) who had seized goods belonging to the Emperor Eyasu (I) which Murad, an Armenian from Egypt, traded for him. On the Emperor’s order, all food supplies to Massawa were blockaded, so the Naib realized he must surrender. [Pankhurst, Chronicles 1967 p 111]. |
| 1769- 1855 | In the area of So called Zemene Mesfint, in Abbyssinian highland, the Naibs in the Eastern part and lowland regions of Eritrea, acquired power, imposed their authority, and extended their influence over societies of the region. They provided relative security and stability in the area through political, economic, social and religious means. |
| 1805 | Mohammed Ali, an Albanian Turk, becomes the Ottoman governor of Egypt |
| 1822: | Egyptian ruler Mohammed Ali conquers Sudan and parts of Eritrea on behalf of the Ottoman empire. |
| 1840 – | Adulis was one of the first sites in the region to undergo excavation, when a French mission to the regionunder Vignaud and Petit performed an initial survey in 1840, and prepared a map which marked the location of thee structures they believed were temples |
| 1846 : | The Egyptians leased Massawa and Hirgigo from the Turks and after 25 years they declared the entire former Senhit province to be their colony. |
| Feb 1853 | The pasha in Massawa prepared a joint land and seaborne expedition against the small port of Amphila, south of Massawa, to confirm there the Ottoman sultan’s au-thority and collect tribute. There too, the Saho-speaking groups assembled 3000 men and threatened to pillage the territory to their north. |
| Dec 1854 | Nāib Idrīs allied himself with the Saho– speaking groups against the Ottomans and Nāib Muhammad Yahyā. Together, they attacked the villages of ” Aylet , Zaga, and Emkullo and ravaged the suburbs of Massawa in December 1854. Idrīs demanded that the Ottomans withdraw from Hergigo, but an Egyptian force of 360 soldiers coming from Taka assisted them in reestablishing a state of relative order only in 1856. |
| 1869: | Italy buys land in Eritrea |
| 1872: | the chieftain Tigrayan becomes emperor Yohannes IV of Ethiopia |
| 1889: | Italy invades Eritrea |
| 1895: | Italy invades Ethiopia but is defeated and only Eritrea becomes an Italian colony |
| 1930: | Zawditu of Ethiopia dies and is succeeded by Ras Tafari Makonnen, who becomes emperor Haile Selassie I |
| 1936 | Italy invades Ethiopia |
| 1939 | Al-Sheikh Ibrahim Mukhtar was appointed the position of the first Mufti of Eritrea. He also served as Chairman of the Islamic Eritrean Endowment Council and of the Council of Eritrean Scholars. He reformed the Sharia courts and established a formal and modern court system with formal rules and proper procedures. The Mufti passed away at the age of 59 on June 25, 1969 in a hospital after a short illness. His death sent shockwaves throughout the country. |
| 1941 | Britain liberates Ethiopia |
| 1943 | During the British colonial administration, Saho oral culture was collected, recorded and written down in 1943. It is known as the customary law of the Akele Guzai Moslems. On Friday 13/11/1943, the customary law was signed by the Signatory Committee: Shum Salih Barao’le, Shum Ali Ahmad Falul, Shum Abubakar Dawud, Owna Dawud Owna Khalil, Owna Mahmud A’li Jasser, Owna Omar Shum Ibrahim, Gerezmatch Ahmad Ibrahim, Shum Yusuf Al-Haji Mohammad, Shum Adam Ismail, Owna Ibrahim Ismail,and Fetewrari Abdalla Suleiman.(to view a full document refer to allsaho.com ) |
| 1945: | Eritrea becomes a British protectorate |
| 1952:1958 | Eritrea and Ethiopia are federated in one country under Emperor Haile Selassie Eritrean Flag was lowered and Amharic replaced Arabic and Tigrinia. |
| 1960: | In the very late 1950s unorganized political movement seeking independence was secretly active as small cells. And in July 1960, the ELF was openly established in Cairo by Idris Muhammad Adam and other Eritrean intellectuals and students. |
| 1961 | In 1961 Hamid Idris Awate formed the armed wing of the ELF and declared the armed struggle for independence. The ELF came into violent conflict with the Ethiopian government on 1st September 1961. |
| 1962: | Ethiopian emperor Haile Sellassie dissolves the Eritrean parliament and annexes the country, while Eritreans begin an independence war |
| 1974: | 200,000 people die of famine in Ethiopia September 1974: Haile Selassie of Ethiopia is deposed in coup while Mengistu Haile Mariam seize power and turns the country into a communist state (end of the empire of Ethiopia) |
| 1976 | Ahmed Nasser became the chairman of ELF from 1976 to 1981 |
| August 1977: | Mengitsu of Ethiopia declares “total war” against the Eritrean freedom fighters. |
| 1978: | The Soviet Union and Cuba send troops to Eritrea to support Mengitsu’s regime |
| 1982 | Ahmad Nasser became Head of Eritrean Liberation Front-Revolutionary Council (ELF-RC) from 1982-2002. |
| Feb 1990 – | February 1990 – Eritrean People’s Liberation Front forces liberated Massawa through Operation called Fenkil. |
| May 1991: | the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front, led by Meles Zenawi, removes Mengitsu from power |
| 1991: | Eritrean fighters conquer Ethiopia |
| 1992 | In early 1992 Muslims were physically prevented from building a mosque in Aksum, even after acquiring the necessary permits from the civil authorities. |
| 1993: | Eritreans vote to become independent |
| 1998: | Ethiopia and Eritrean fight a border war |
| May 2000 | The Ethiopians occupied the Senafe sub-zone for a year. About 50000 people from a population of 80000 fled the area and were scattered in various camps for internally displaced people (IDP). “The remaining 30000 people had a very difficult time as Senafe was completely isolated and there were no services – no water, no healthcare, no food,” |
| 2000: | Peace between Ethiopia and Eritrea signed |
| February 2001: | The Ethiopian army withdrew from Senafe and Soyra fronts. |
Gega habereta maxayna. Saho kush kinni tenih 100% tarikh maktabina. Lanu shacab enki abako tabukem maki. Tarikh tesgegellinih tuktubinih tanin. Ummanti akemeterke tuktubinimko nicma eyayto kinni arkeko yemeteti, eya kinni taluqa siraxtem tamidhige. Ama takado atin tuktubinih taninim qaltha kabira kinni. masri fanah tarikh tuktubinih taking.
Ta Londonul tane xiyak laxutem kitin bisiraxa, enkoh tay higdef arhxih kinni sugem kinni noh gabbactenim.
Lakin nanu nabbub akah nohwarishenikah kust makino. Masalan wuli qabayilti tarikh xus ishenih aktillabten. Sheka yamanko yemetin aytanin shekha busa kinniho temeten yamanko?? 1, Sanafeta yamanko yemetin 2, hasabat are Israelko nemete yan, 3, casawurta maqrib yan, 4 xazo saudia yan, 5 tharuca amaybalih, 6 mnifretim wadix maki wuli ged saudia yan wuli ged sahoytad yabukin abat dik habasha yan. Erob nanu tagaru kino yan Amayko ractem enkoh umanti eshishi tarikh baha. Tamarak kado aginah kinni enkoh kush akabtona texesebinim??? Bera masuliya akbeytona dhicinixitin wani maktabina.